Managing patient on antipsychotic medication Essay

Managing patient on antipsychotic medication - Essay Example Since that decade more than twenty of the antipsychotic agents have been introduced in United States. The antipsychotics used during the 1980s are collectively called conventional antipsychotics and the drugs that were introduced in the 1990s are called the atypical antipsychotics. Antipsychotics, unfortunately, have the tendency to be misused if the practitioner has sound knowledge about the psychopharmacological aspects of the drugs. Elderly patients are also at an increased risk of developing drug-induced motor or movement disorders as compared to the younger population (Saltz, Robinson, & Woerner, 2004). It is crucial to understand the pharmacological aspects of the antipsychotic drugs as improper management can lead to adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interactions, drug resistances and poor patient compliance. The second generation antipsychotics (SGA) are different from the first generation antipsychotics (FGA) because they also block the serotonin receptors. SGAs also have lesser extrapyrimidal symptoms as compared to the FGAs, however, SGAs ae associated with an increased risk of obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. According to studies only two SGAs cloazipine and olanzipine has been proved to be more effective than the FGAs. Antipsychotics are approved by the FDA for use in schizophrenia as well as some other psychiatric conditions and non-psychiatric disorders. They are also indicated in the treatment of bipolar disorders, autism, generalized anxiety disrder, major depressive disorder, perioperative nausea, preoperative restlessness, severe behavorial probles, severe nausea and vomiting, and refractory tourette syndrome and for the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia (Moore, DeJoseph, & Simmons, 2014). Both SGAs and FGAs are associated with risk factors and it is important to carry out a detailed assessment of the patient

Philosophy [Close Reading] Capital Volume I, Karl Marx Essay

Philosophy [Close Reading] Capital Volume I, Karl Marx - Essay Example The longer the time spent to create a certain product, the higher the value it will command in the market. A Marxist analysis would give us a premise that labor is the source of all value since it is a â€Å"congelation† of labor. The Marxist theory is that the amount of labor embodied in the material object would determine its value. â€Å"As values, all commodities are only definite masses of congealed labor-time.† (Capital, Vol. I, p. 40.) Unfortunately, the importance of labor is muted by the fact that according to Marx, many capitalists are exploiting labor. In the Capital Volume 1 chapter 4, Marx often described the acts of the capitalists in the wage-labor exchange with the laborers as something akin to robbery, theft and embezzlement. Marx believed that the capitalists are essential robbing the laborers of the value of their labor by denying the laborers the full price of their labor. Note that in the Marxist point of view, labor has two characters, the abstract and the concrete nature. Note that under the arguments of Marx, any act of labor expended have dual impact where one is the concrete action directed towards the making of certain products and the abstract portion which is disposable for the use of society in a given place and time. In other words, where the system separates the actual act of production from the means of production; labor itself as human labor force becomes a commodity that could be traded for value. (See Capital, Vol. 1, p. 71.) The fact that the owners of the means of production such as the capitalists tries to extract more labor for less pay is seen by Marx as form of thievery that is directed on the laborers’ labor commodity. In other words, the exploitation of labor is seen by Marx as form of violation of the rights of the laborer to the fruits of their labor. How do the owners of the means of production or the capitalists steal labor? Marx